Chapter 9 – Part 2
Race and Ethnicity:
Are They Important in Sports?
Consequences of racial ideology in sports
___________ of revenue-producing sports
Continued racial ___________ in “social” sports
Position ___________ in team sports
Racialized interpretations of achievements
___________ barriers for blacks
___________ distribution of ___________ ___________ in U.S. colleges and universities
Recent changes
As social conditions change, so do ideas and beliefs about race and the bodies of athletes.
Most top boxers today are ___________ and Eastern ___________.
Africans are widely recruited by previously all-white men’s ___________ clubs in Europe.
White Americans are being replaced by young ___________ from ___________ at the top levels of professional tennis.
One-third of the players on Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are ___________American and ___________.
One-fourth of NBA players were born ___________ the United States.
Ideas about “race” and bodies vary over time and with changing circumstances.

Sport participation among African Americans
The facts show that
Prior to the 1950s, sports in the U.S. were ___________ ___________.
African Americans participate in a very ___________ range of sports.
African Americans are clearly ___________ in most sports.
They’re _________ “taking over” sports, as some whites continue to believe.

Most sport organizations are:
___________-dominated
___________-identified
___________-centered
Therefore, success by ethnic minorities requires living up to standards set by whites and acting in ways that whites define as ___________ and ___________. To defy these standards is to risk being defined as ___________, ___________, ___________—as a problem, as too “not-like-us” (whites).
Sport participation among Native Americans
Native Americans comprise ___________ of diverse cultural groups.
Traditional Native American sports combine physical activities with ___________ and ___________.
Native Americans often fear losing their ___________ when playing Euro-American sports.
Widely accepted racial and ethnic ___________ about Native Americans have ___________ their access to sport participation.
Identity theft in sports?
Using stereotypes of Native Americans as a basis for team names, logos, and mascots is a form of ___________ and ___________ theft, regardless of the intentions of those who do it
Are there any conditions under which a group or organizations could use the cultural and religious images of others for their own purposes?
What if a school named its teams the Olympians and used the Olympic 5-ring logo as their logo?
What if a Native American basketball team called itself the Florida State University I-team and used FSU trademark logos on its team products?

“Honoring” Chief Osceola
More “Honor”

Sport participation among Latinos
Native-born and naturalized citizens
Participation patterns vary by national origin, heritage, and generation
Experiences may include bridging ___________ ___________ and dealing with stereotypes related to Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans
Latin Americans working as athletes in the U.S.
___________ history of Latino players in U.S. sports
40% of minor league baseball players are Latinos
Adjustment problems are widespread
Undocumented workers and family members
Little knowledge; access to information is scarce
Sports are used strategically to ___________, develop ___________ with non-Latinos, and share information with peers

Sport participation among Asian Pacific Americans (APAs)
Cultural heritage and histories of APAs are diverse.
Heritage traced to at least ______ nations and ________ of cultures.
The sport participation patterns of APAs vary with their immigration histories.
People from Asia are seen by many Americans as ___________even if they are ___________-born U.S. citizens in families that have been in the U.S. for many generations.?
APAs have long histories of sport participation in U.S.
Some have used ___________ to challenge and discredit stereotypes, some to ___________ acceptance in schools.
Tensions may occur if APAs don’t embrace traditional U.S. sports.

The dynamics of racial and ethnic relations in sports
Race and ethnicity remain ___________ in sports today.
Today’s challenges are not the ones faced in the past.
Racial and ethnic issues don’t disappear when ___________ occurs.
The challenge of dealing with intergroup relations ___________ disappears—it ___________ in terms of the issues that must be confronted and resolved.
Racial and ethnic ___________brings potential ___________ and ___________ to sports.
Eliminating racial and ethnic exclusion in sports
Certain sports have built-in incentives for eliminating racial segregation.
1.Team owners and management benefit when they ___________ exclude talented players.
2.Racial ideologies and stereotypes are easy to suspend in the face of precise, ___________ ___________ data.
3.All team members benefit from the achievements of ___________, regardless of their race or ethnicity.
4. ___________ performance by a player does ____ mean he or she will be promoted to management.
5.Team members are ______ required to socialize and be friends off the field to win games.
6.Ethnic minority athletes always remain under the control of __________team owners and management.
These incentives offset the threats that whites often perceive when desegregation occurs, sports without these incentives remain segregated to some degree.
“We are out there”
Toni Davis receives stares from people who don’t expect to see a ___________ swimmer or one with only one arm.

She knows that all sport participation has a point of entry, and for people with a ___________, it usually is through therapy, medical programs, or a network of family and friends.

Unless the “look and feel” of a program is ___________, an ethnic minority person is not likely to participate.
After desegregation: Managing racial and ethnic diversity
Racial and ethnic diversity creates ___________ challenges related to
Social dynamics on teams
Social dynamics among spectators
Marketing athletes, teams, and leagues
NOTE: The global recruitment of players insures that diversity ___________will always exist in sports.
People ___________ share power voluntarily
Even when sport participation is racially and ethnically mixed, power in sports is not readily shared.

The movement of minorities into coaching and administrative positions has been very ___________.

___________ and ___________ pressures are still needed before power is fully shared.
Making sports ___________ is a major challenge, regardless of nation and culture.
Organizations in Europe have made concerted attempts to eliminate racism and related forms of bigotry from sports.

Change requires:
Regular and direct confrontation of racial and ethnic issues by people in positions of power

A new vocabulary for dealing with new forms of racial and ethnic diversity in our lives

Training sessions (for management and players) dealing with practical problems and issues, not just feelings
Using critical theory to ask questions about racial classification systems?
Which classification systems are used?
Who uses them?
Why are some people so dedicated to using certain classification systems?
What are the consequences of usage?
Can negative consequences be minimized?
Can the systems be challenged?
What occurs when systems change?