Chapter 6 - From Coakley's Reading
Violence in Sports:
How Does It Affect Our Lives?
Definition of Violence
The use of __________________________________________________________
Violence is not always illegal or disapproved.
It may be praised and lauded as necessary.
When violence involves widespread _________________________, it may signal ____________.
When violence involves extreme overconformity to norms, it may signal _____________.
____________________________________________________________________________
Aggression is not the same as trying hard or being assertive and achievement oriented.
Intimidation refers to words, gestures, and actions that ___________________________________.
Violence in sports is not new, but not all sports are violent.
Violence in sports history
Research shows that violence was _____________ severe in the past, both on and off the field.
Rates of sports violence have not increased over time.
Violence in sports is an issue today partly because it may _________ __________ __________ that privileges men over women at the same time that it endangers many men.
Types of on-the-field violence
1.Brutal body contact
2.Borderline violence
3.Quasi-criminal violence
4.Criminal violence?
When violence is associated with excellence, athletes may learn to see it as a normal part of sports.
Violence as overconformity to the sport ethic
Coaches may expect players to use violence.?
Violence often attracts media attention.
Players may not like violence, but most __________ it as part of the game.
Quasi-criminal and criminal violence are routinely ____________by athletes and spectators.
Violence may be related to _________________ in high-performance sports.
Expressions of violence are related to ________________, but not limited to men.
Physicality creates drama and excitement, strong emotions, and special bonds among all athletes, male and female.
Commercialization and violence
Some athletes are paid to do violence.
Commercialization and money expand the visibility of violence in sports and encourage a promotional rhetoric that uses violent images.
Violence is not caused by TV and money—it existed long before TV coverage and big salaries.
If we want to understand violence in sports, we must understand _____________ideology and issues of masculinity in culture.
Violence is grounded in general ____________ norms.
Violence in sports is not limited to _________.
Playing __________ and _______________ sports often are ways to prove masculinity.
Some athletes in quad rugby use a masculinized vocabulary to describe the intimidation and violence in their games. This challenges stereotypes about people with a disability, but . . .
. . . it reaffirms a gender ideology in which manhood is equated with the ability to do violence; this glorifies orientations that leads to risky actions and disabling accidents.
A web of ideas and beliefs that people use to classify bodies perceived as unimpaired as normal and superior, and bodies perceived as (dis)abled as subnormal and inferior.
This ideology is used widely, even by some people with disabilities
Violence, masculinity, social class, and race
Among men from low-income backgrounds, violence may be perceived to bring ______________.
Black men may threaten or use violence to exploit ________________ held by whites.
Violence is institutionalized in some sports
In non-contact sports, violence is usually limited to using violent images in verbal statements.
Male players learn to use violence as a strategy.
In contact sports, enforcers and goons are paid to do violence.
Female players learn to use violence as a _______________ in contact sports, but they don’t use it to prove ______________.
Pain and injury as the price of violence
A popular paradox in today’s sports:
People accept violence while being concerned about injuries caused by violence.
Disabling injuries caused by violence are a serious problem in some sports.
Dominant ideas about masculinity are related to high injury rates in men’s sports.
Controlling on-the-field violence
Brutal body contact is the most difficult form of violence to control.
Most injuries occur on “_____________ hits.”
The most effective strategies might involve:
Suspensions for _____________
Fines for _______________
Control vs. carryover
Research suggests that the connection between violence on the field and violence off the field depends on two factors:
The ________________ that athletes give to their on-the-field actions
The context in which athletes seek and maintain status __________ the field
Symbols such as the skull and crossbones are part of a discourse that connects masculinity with the ability to do violence.
Data on carryover are inconclusive.
Assault and sexual assault rates among male heterosexuals are a ____________ problem in U.S.
An exclusive focus on athletes often distracts attention from the larger problem of violence against women in U.S. culture.
Research on the dynamics of such violence perpetrated by athletes is difficult to do.
Hypotheses about male athletes’ violence against women
Violence is related to
1.Support from _____________________ for using physical force as interpersonal strategy
2.Perceived cultural support for _______________ as a basis for status and identity among men
3.Social bonds created by collective over- conformity to the norms of the sport ethic
4.Collective _____________ and the notion that outsiders do not deserve respect
5.The belief that women constitute “_____________” in sport worlds
6.Institutional ___________ for elite athletes regardless of their actions
7.Institutional ___________ to hold athletes accountable for deviance
Learning to control violence through sports
Control may be learned if sport cultures emphasize:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Violence is most likely when:
Sports are organized in ways that
Produce __________
Separate athletes from the _________________
Encourage athletes to think that others do not deserve their ___________
Violence in sports and gender ideology
Doing violence in sports reproduces the belief that “men are _________________ to women.”
Power and performance sports, when they encourage violence, emphasize differences between men and women.
Sports violence reproduces an ideology of male _________________.
Violence among spectators
____________ research exists on how watching sports may influence violence in everyday relationships.
Spectators at non-contact sports have ______________ rates of violence.
Spectators at contacts sports have rates of violence that constitute a ________________ in need of analysis and control.
However, evidence indicates that rates today are _____________ than rates in the past
General factors related to violence at sport events
1.Action in the sport event itself
2.______________ dynamics and the situation in which spectators watch the event
3.Historical, social, economic, and political context in which the event occurs
Crowd dynamics and situational factors related to spectator violence
Crowd size
Composition of crowd
Meaning and _______________ of event
History of relationship ________________ teams
Crowd ________________ strategies at event
_______________ consumption by spectators
___________________ of event
Motivations for attending the event
Importance of teams as sources of identity for spectators
Spectator violence and the context in which events occur
Spectators bring with them the histories, issues, controversies, and ideologies of the communities in which they live.
When tensions and conflicts are ___________ and ____________, confrontations may occur.
Sport events may be used as sites for confrontations.
Racial, ethnic, and class divisions ______________ the likelihood of violence.
Nearly all spectator violence involves ______________ men.
Terrorism as spectator violence
Terrorism has occurred at sports events in the past (e.g., 1972 Olympics).?
Current threats of terrorism have increased security at sport venues.
Understanding terrorism requires awareness of global issues.
Sports do not exist in social vacuums.
Global problems and hostilities may be expressed in sport crowds.
Controlling crowd violence
Be aware of the following factors:
1.Perceived violence on the field is positively related to crowd violence
2.Crowd dynamics and conditions
3.Historical, social, economic, and political issues underlying spectator orientations
Employ visible coaches and athletes to give anti-violence messages
Use on field rituals to highlight connections between opponents
Make spectators aware of anti-violence norms; promote civility towards other fans
Regulate alcohol consumption
Limit the use of social control methods that dehumanize spectators or limit attendance
Law enforcement officials must be well trained
Long term control depends on the extent to which anti-violence norms are established and maintained in stadiums and by people in attendance at events