Chapter 3
Bioenergetics
Part 2

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

•Oxidation

–Molecule ____________ electrons (along with H⁺)

•Reduction

–Molecule ____________ electrons

Two important H carrying ions:

•Nicotinomide adenine dinucleotide (__________)

•Flavin adenine dinucleotide (__________)

Production of Lactic Acid

•Normally, ____________ is available in the _____________ to accept H⁺ (and electrons) from NADH produced in glycolysis

–In anaerobic pathways, O₂ ____ ______ available

•H⁺ and electrons from _____________ are accepted by __________ ______ to form lactic acid

Conversion of Pyruvic Acid
to Lactic Acid

_______________ ATP Production

•______________ cycle (citric acid cycle)

Completes the oxidation of substrates and produces ___________ and ___________ to enter the electron transport chain

Electron transport chain

–______________ _______________

–Electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers to produce ____________

–H⁺ from NADH and FADH are accepted by ________ to form water

For every pair of electrons passed through the electron passport chain from NADH to Oxygen, enough energy is available to form ______ ATP

The Three Stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation

1. Generation of ____ carbons to Acetyl Coa
2. _______________ of Acetyl Coa
3. Process of Oxidative Phosphorylation

The Krebs Cycle

Relationship Between the Metabolism of Proteins, Fats, and Carbohydrates

Electron Transport Chain

The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of ATP Formation

Electron transport chain results in ___________ of ________ ions across __________ ____________ membrane

–Results in H⁺ gradient across membrane

Energy released to from ATP, as ________ diffuse back across the membrane

Aerobic ATP Tally

Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation

•Aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose

–Yields ___________ ATP

•Aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glycogen

–Yields ___________ ATP

•Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is __________

–66% of energy released as _____________

Summary of Oxidative Phosphorylation

•Oxidative Phosphorylation, or __________ _______ ___________, occurs in the _________________.

•In mitochondria there is a complex interaction between the __________ ____________ and the ____________ ___________ chain.

The role of the Krebs Cycle - ____________of substrates and formation of _________ and __________

The end result of the Electron Transport Chain is the formation of _________ + __________

Water is formed by Oxygen accepting electrons (H+ ions binds to 0₂)

We breath Oxygen to use as an ____________ of electrons in ____________ Metabolism (Aerobic = With Oxygen)

Control of Bioenergetics

Rate-limiting enzymes

–An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway

•Levels of ATP and ADP+P_i

–High levels of ATP ___________ ATP production

–Low levels of ATP and high levels of ADP+P_i _______________ ATP production

_______________ may stimulate aerobic ATP production

Control of Bioenergetics

Interaction Between Aerobic and Anaerobic ATP Production

•Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction between ____________ and ____________ pathways

•Effect of duration and intensity

–Short-term, high-intensity activities

•Greater contribution of ______________ energy systems

–Long-term, low to moderate-intensity exercise

•Majority of ____________ produced from _____________ sources